The history of Canadian hockey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The historical backdrop of Canadian hockey - Essay Example Students of history have contended for as far back as 2 centuries about the roots of hockey. It is commonly concurred that hockey was a development of the game hurley that had been adjusted to playing on ice. The name hockey is accepted to have originated from the French word hoquet which means shepard's stick (Origins and Roots). While British students of history have attempted to make a case for the game, Canadian specialists straight oppose this idea. English student of history Ian Gordon wrote in 1937 that the round of hockey was first played at Windsor Castle in 1853 by individuals from the Royal Family (qtd. in McFarlane 1). Still others place the root in Europe as ahead of schedule as the sixteenth century. A work of art named Trackers in the Snow by Pietr Bruegel from 1565 delineates skaters conveying sticks that take after current hockey sticks. One of the figures is going to strike a little round article (The Origins of Hockey). Canadian scientists anyway rush to bring up t hat the work of art doesn't demonstrate the skates required to be called hockey. Scientists can likewise date Canadian hockey sooner than the 1853 date refered to by Gordon. . Hockey history specialist Howard Dill puts the origination of hockey at Long Pond in Windsor, Nova Scotia in 1810 (McFarlane 1). This is bolstered by Dr. Sandy Young's book, Beyond Heroes: A Sport History of Nova Scotia. Dr. Youthful alludes to a statement by Thomas Chandler Halliburton who moved on from Kings-Edgehill School in Windsor in 1810. He relates playing [...] hurley on the long lake on the ice (qtd. in McFarlane 2). Another unknown understudy composed of his involvement with a similar school and says they used to skate in winter on twilight evenings [...] his front teeth took out with a hurley (qtd. in McFarlane 2). The main reported and confirmed episodes of hockey appear to have been played toward the start of the 1800s in Nova Scotia. Any place it was initially played, it most likely developed in a few places over a time of years and was spread by foreigners and vagrant specialists. Nonetheless, there is little discussion about current hockey. The principal rules to hockey were set down in 1879 by a gathering of Students at McGill in Montreal (McFarlane 2). This established the framework for sorted out school games and set up for the fate of expert hockey. The National Hockey League (NHL) was framed in Canada in 1917 (McFarlane 15). Associations, for example, the Western Coast Hockey League and the Western Canada Hockey League appeared and went as out of nowhere as they came. Before the finish of the 1920s, six man hockey had been normalized, the forward pass was permitted in all zones, and the Stanley Cup turned into the restrictive right of the NHL (McFarlane 15). Hockey kept on extending during the 1930s through the 1960s drawing in fans the whole way across North America. Ruled by the Canadian groups of Montreal and the Toronto Maple Leaves, it was additionally effective in northern American urban areas, for example, Detroit, Boston, and Chicago. World War II affected hockey as it did other significant group sports. Transportation turned into an issue and numerous players were drafted or enrolled in the equipped administrations. In any case, by 1970 expert hockey was seeing significant development by the expansion of groups all over North America. The group had worked as a six-group unit for a long time, yet had added 10 groups to their positions in the years 1967-1972 (McFarlane 117). Groups in southern urban areas, for example, Atlanta and Los Angeles were exploiting hockey's

Plato’s account of philosophy Essay Example

Plato’s record of theory Paper Plato was conceived in Athens, in c. 427 B.C.E. During this period, Athens was associated with a since quite a while ago drawn, asset serious and shocking war with Sparta, otherwise called the  Peloponnesian War. The scion of a noble parentage, Plato originated from a separated family. He was the child of Ariston diving from Codrus, one of the early rulers of Athens and Perictione, dropping from Solon, the unmistakable reformer of the Athenian constitution, both of Athenian blue-blooded heritage.. Plato spent most of his life in Athens, with intermittent visits to Sicily and Southern Italy and according to one record, he additionally headed out to Egypt. Insights about the early piece of his life isn't known, however he was unquestionably favored enough to get the best instruction Athens brought to the table to individuals of respectable genealogy. Plato was a supporter of Socrates, whom he thought about the most learned man of his occasions. Plato’s relationship with Socrat es was a defining moment in his life, as it impacted an incredible course, reasoning and thinking. The convincing intensity of his contentions and strategies intrigued Plato and he turned into a nearby partner of Socrates. Socrates was among the most compelling researcher of his occasions and he was a pioneer who worried about the investigation of only good and policy driven issues not at all like his counterparts who were progressively distracted with cosmology and ontology.Considering his recognized causes and the relationship with Socrates, he was normally bound to play a functioning job in political life. Plato tried to accept a huge situation in the political scene of Athens, however he discovered his endeavors being reliably upset. The dissatisfaction is communicated by him in the personal Seventh Letter, wherein he passes on his failure to acclimatize himself with any of the ideological groups or the progressively degenerate systems of his time, all of which added to the dest ruction of Athens(324b-326a).Socrates’ execution on an out of line charge of scandalousness had been overwhelmingly casted a ballot for(approved) by an equitable  court with a vast lion's share in 399. This drove Plato to the end that every current government were defective and ruinous; and would keep on being along these lines, except if the rulers themselves became rationalists or except if the scholars themselves increased political power.It was maybe a direct result of this sentiment that he withdrew to his Academy and to Sicily for actualizing his thoughts. Plato used his broad information and shrewdness to the quest for legislative issues and the composition of disaster and different types of verse. He threefold visited Syracuse to bestow a philosophical demeanor and line of thought to the overbearing rulers, however his exertion demonstrated worthless. The concise endeavor at conferring pragmatic shrewdness having fizzled, he withdrew to Athens. His Academy was the e stablishment of learning for subjects as assorted as Mathematics, talk, space science, rationalizations, and different subjects, all recognized as critical for the scholarly and philosophical improvement of understudies. The Academy end up being a significant base for progressive ages of Platonic logicians until its last conclusion in C.E. 529. Some of Plato’s students later became pioneers, tutors, and protected counselors in Greek city-expresses, the most recognized among them being Aristotle. Plato passed on in c. 347 B.C.E.The focal point of this examination paper is to direct a concise report on the philosophical standpoint of Plato to fuse an investigation of his best works and to show the huge commitment made by him in the field of philosophy.Philosophical Tools  Plato is all the more notable for his compositions like the Republic, the Statesman, the Laws and a couple of shorter exchanges which are viewed as carefully political treatises,  and consequently it tend s to be expressed that Plato was a cultivated political savant of his occasions. Contrasted with Socrates, Plato was substantially more precise as a scholar and fastidious in his manners. He set up his own school of theory, the Academy; which turned into a significant wellspring of learning for the progressive age of researchers in Athens. In contrast to Socrates, Plato stretched out his territories of worry to incorporate the investigation of transcendentalism and epistemology, as he attempted to find a definitive constituents of reality.The presentation of the procedure of applied examination was started by Plato without precedent for the historical backdrop of Philosophy, as a way to explain an idea or its significance. As opposed to most different thinkers of his time, Plato thought about calculated examination as a primer advance and not as an end in itself. He thought about basic assessment of convictions, the choosing of which one of the contrary thoughts is right and which o ne isn't right as the subsequent advance and progressively significant advance. Plato considered dynamic about the political request on a similar platform of significance as the decision among harmony and war. This conviction depended on the conviction that general society isn't the most appropriate or adult enough to show up at the right choice, as it is equipped for astuteness just looking back, for the most part after the event of lamentable encounters. In his political way of thinking, the explanation of ideas is in this manner a primer advance in assessing convictions, and right convictions thusly lead to a response to the topic of the best political request. This steady movement from the phases of applied examination, trailed by a basic appraisal of convictions, to the best political request is shown in the works of his book ‘The Republic’.The generally striking and remarkable case of Plato’s develop ways of thinking  appears in The Republic, which is an all-inclusive contention for the most key about the  conduct of human life. Plato uses discourse with an anecdotal character ‘Socrates’ and continues to look at the nature and estimation of equity and different ethics as they occurâ in everyday life, both from the point of view of human culture and in the character of a person. This conversation from that point prompts a top to bottom appraisal of the different parts of human instinct, the accomplishment of information, the capacity to recognize substance and appearance and the fundamental structure of ethical quality. Because of the various scope of issues it addresses, the book can be perused from a few alternate points of view: as a political treatise, or a book on the lead of life, as an investigation of society and the connection of society with that of an individual, a thorough examination on theâ fundamental powerful and epistemological issues or as an academic handbook.Justice as Defined in The republicâ â â â The main segment of the Republic is a conversation on the idea of equity and the point of the conversation is to show up at the real meaning of the subject, through a procedure which includes the proposition, analysis, and dismissal of a few insufficient endeavors at characterizing equity. Since Justice is the most principal moral and political ideas, it joins singular temperance, the request for society, and individual rights which may negate the interests of the general public. Four meanings of equity are propounded; every one of them are talked about extravagantly and afterward disposed of as not being completely predictable with the fundamental premises, and due toâ the related variable components.  Thus the main segment of the book crashes and burns with all the members in understanding that the idea of equity isn't as effectively defiened as it appeared to be because of the irregularities associated with prevalent sentiments of equity. the e This antagonistic res ult can be viewed as an etymological and philosophical therapy.The reportive meanings of equity as comprehended by us from its utilization in day by day life serves to give a halfway comprehension of its significance, yet the all encompassing definition keeps on being tricky without genuine correspondences among individuals and a calculated clearness on convictions. A definition that is simply discretionary or either excessively thin or excessively wide, in light of a deception about equity, doesn't give the chance of correspondence. Non-romantic discoursed are articulations of a definitive correspondence that can occur among people; and genuine correspondence is probably going to happen just if people can share implications of the words they use. Correspondence dependent on deceptions, for example, articulations of belief system, is as yet conceivable, yet appears to be restricted, separating individuals into groups, and, as history shows us, can at last lead just to disarray. Subs equently, in the Republic, just as in other Platonic discoursed, there is a connection between reasonable examination and basic assessment of convictions. The focal point of the second piece of Book I is no longer explanation of ideas, yet assessment of beliefs.In Platonic discoursed, instead of mentioning to them what they need to think, Socrates is regularly getting his questioners to mention to him what they think. In the fifth and fourth century B.C.E., the critics were paid instructors of talk and other down to earth abilities, for the most part non-Athenians, offering courses of guidance and professing to be best able to plan youngsters for accomplishment in open life. Plato portrays the skeptics as vagrant people, known for their expository capacities, who dismiss strict convictions and conventional ethical quality, and he stands out them from Socrates, who as an instructor would decline to acknowledge installment and as opposed to encouraging aptitudes would concede to a uni nvolved investigation into what is valid. One of the members in the conversations, Thrasymachus presents a doubtful and negativist meaning of equity which expresses that equity is anything but an all around relevant virtue however an idea used as a device by the prevailing gathering in the general public; and that since it proves to be useful for the predominant gathering to stifle a greater part of individuals, it is their selective intrigue and that it is has dif

I Opened The Door On Portals, Fantasy, And My Disability

I Opened The Door On Portals, Fantasy, And My Disability Once upon a time, I opened a door and instead of finding Narnia, I found my disability. Once upon a time, I had a disability and it opened a door into fantasy. Neither of these statements is completely true, but each holds tendrils of truth, wisps of it to explore and understand something a bit deeper about both my disability and my reading choices. I’ve always been curious about why people gravitate towards the type of reading that they do, how it reflects parts of their personality, or their environment as a child, or the way they acquire books. I learned something that felt like a revelation after reading two mostly unrelated books back to back. Has that ever happened to you, where books seem to magically align in just the right order to create some kind of understanding you didn’t have before? In this case, the two books were The Ten Thousand Doors of January by Alix E. Harrow and Broken Places Outer Space by Nnedi Okorafor. The Ten Thousand Doors of January is a magical novel where doorways to other worlds are layered upon our own. It’s set in the early 1900s, and January Scaller lives with her adoptive father in a mansion full of unique objects, archaeological finds her adoptive father collects, just as he has collected herâ€"a mixed-race girl, as she is constantly reminded. Her biological father wanders from country to country, hunting these artifacts. When January Scaller finds a door in the midst of fields in a town her adoptive father has dragged her to, she doesn’t see how ill-fitting it is in the landscape. How improbable. How unsafe. What she sees is hope. Possibility. An adventure. She and the door are similar in all these ways. While I loved this novel for its lyricism and whimsy and just general gorgeousness, I would never have made a deeper, more personal connection with it if it weren’t for also reading Broken Places Outer Spaces immediately afterward. In Broken Places, Nnedi Okorafor relates the true story of becoming suddenly disabled in her early college years. What was meant to be a fairly routine surgery instead left her paralyzed, a college athlete with big dreams of running professionally. Writing, at this point, had not occurred to her. As she lay in her hospital bed, she began to hallucinate alien-like bugs. She began thinking about doorways and thresholds as she descended down the “rabbit hole of pain.” When she reemerged, still broken, still disabled, she found herself drawn to science fiction, to the recreation of broken things into something even better, and to stories about her past. It’s the combination of these elements that led to her career as a science fiction author. Disabili ty became a threshold, a portal into another world and the opportunities therein, and an entirely different aspect of herself. Her memoir is saturated with portal metaphors and reading it so soon after The Ten Thousand Doors of January made me think about the portals in my own life. And it especially made me realize that my disability and reading choices were inextricably linked, and how one became a portal for the other, and vice versa. I first passed out in the 4th grade lunch line. My best friend Stephanie caught me. At the time, I didn’t realize what had happened. I thought I’d faked passing out because I was angry with another best friend of mine, Katie, for absolutely no reason. I have no idea why I would think these two things could possibly be connected, but that’s the narrative I told my parents, and I had no more incidents until a couple of years later when I began “falling” a lot while taking showers. At first, I said nothing to my family. But when Mom asked about my bruises, I told her I was clumsy and slipped a lot in the shower, and I believed that. It was chalked up to teenage growth spurts, though in fact, I’m quite short and pretty much stopped growing by sixth or seventh grade. The debilitating headaches I started having were attributed to hormonal migraines, and I was prescribed medicine for them. My frequent illnesses were a repercussion of having allergies. Everything had a reason. At this time, my reading preferences began to change too. As a child, I preferred horror. I loved the delightful tingling feeling of fear, of goosebumps rising on my arms, of breath catching in my throat. Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark, Goosebumps, Fear Street, and everything Stephen King were my top reading choices, though I’ve always read a bit of everything, and I also had Sunfire Romances,  American Girl books, and The Baby-Sitters Club on rotation. I read a little fantasy. The Hobbit and A Wrinkle in Time come to mind, and I enjoyed both. But fantasy wasn’t my bread and butter. That started changing in about 7th grade, and especially by high school. I tried to continue with horror and thumbed through my mom’s books, but nothing resonated. So I turned to my dad’s bookshelves instead, packed with fantasy pocketbooks. Mercedes Lackey became a favorite, as did David Eddings, Robert Jordan, Tamora Pierce, among many, many others. I found myself identifying with the teenage protagonists of these novels, whose onset of magic left them sick for days or weeks, near death until they were finally trained in their magic. And even then, casting a spell had a cost. It left them exhausted, often bedridden. I knew the feeling. I’m quite sure horror works in similar ways for others. In Emily Foster’s compelling essay “The Monster in the Mirror: On Horror, Disability, and Loving Both at Once,” she explains her attraction to horror as a disabled person: “It is so very gratifying, as a person who unsettles, to write unsettling characters and unsettling experiences, to rejoice in our survival when so many narratives kill us off or make us safe and tidy again.” I wish I could’ve seen horror in that way, but instead, I no longer felt the compelling need to be scared. It was an emotion that no longer interested me, and I often felt disgusted after reading one of my mom’s novels. Maybe it was a natural change in personality, and also there was a significant change in my home life at the time that could’ve affected my reading,   but I also think it was connected to the physical effects of my continuing health problems. Instead, fantasy became the portal by which I experienced acceptance and hope as a disabled person, which is similar to January Scaller finding hope and acceptance through fantastical doorways in The Ten Thousand Doors of January, though not as a disabled person, but as a girl and woman who could never fit in and be accepted for who she was because of the color of her skin. For me, fantasy became a portal into reimagining what I would much much later find out is a chronic autonomic disorder (Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Disorder, among other things) into something positive. I deeply identified with the protagonists in these fantasy novels. Though they suffered, their experiences of dizziness, exhaustion, headaches, etc. all stemmed from the positive force of magic running through them. I didn’t actually believe I was magical, though of course, I imagined I was. Who doesn’t? Where kids today await their Hogwarts letter, I waited for my white horse, but I knew it would never co me. I was very aware of my reality, but fantasy novels showed me I could still belong.   Unlike Okorafor, I didn’t receive a diagnosis until more than a decade after my health problems began, and actually, they think something else is going on, too. Thankfully, my doctors never questioned my symptoms, which commonly happens with my particular set of health problems (and to women in general). It’s just that my doctors, in a small Tennessee town, had no idea what they were dealing with. Because it took so long to receive a diagnosis, it was very difficult for me to understand what was happening to my body. I never received an immediate moment of epiphany like Okorafor. I never said to myself while reading fantasy, “this is like me. I feel like this too.” Instead, it became a subconscious attraction, though this is conjecture. But it’s a conjecture that makes sense now, especially after reading Broken Places.   I’ve discussed before how reading fantasy made me a feminist. It makes sense then, as feminism is meant to uplift those demeaned by a patriarchal culture, that fantasy would also empower me as a disabled woman. Fantasy still has a long way to go in disability representation, and I hope to someday contribute more diverse perspectives, but it still gave courage to a preteen and teenage Margaret, struggling with something she wouldn’t fully understand for another decade, and still doesn’t fully. Portals can lead us to places where we can be accepted, where we can fit in, where we can be our essential selves. For both Okorafor and I, disabilities became our portals, though for Okorafor they led her to science fiction, and for me fantasy. In another way, fantasy became a portal into understanding my disability as something integral to myself, and not something to be ashamed of. Similarly, January found fantastical doors as a portal into acceptance, into realizing she’s beautiful and perfect exactly the way she is. While these two books are certainly not the only books about portals with similar themes, the congruence of reading them back to back gave me a deeper understanding of myself and my reading. Sign up to Swords Spaceships to  receive news and recommendations from the world of science fiction and fantasy. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Analysis Of Michael Ondaatje s The Family - 901 Words

Michael Ondaatje’s fictionalized memoir Running in the Family uses the motif of mapping to represent the narrator’s reconstruction of his family history. The memoir develops a parallel between the mapmaking of European explorers who colonized Ceylon and Ondaatje’s attempt to make sense of his family’s chaotic and disordered past, which is difficult to trace due to the way it has become mythologized by gossip and rumours. In Running in the Family, the depiction of mapping as an uncertain art suggests that the search for objective truth is rendered impossible by the subjective perceptions of those who interpret information with their own unique point of view. These biased understandings demonstrate the flaw of accepting subjective statements marketed as facts to be true. When Ondaatje first references Ceylon in cartographical terms, the â€Å"glances† and â€Å"theories† used to describe the first impressions of explorers establishes a sense of uncertainty in their interpretations (45). The author describes these images as â€Å"false maps†, and observes that the â€Å"shapes differ so much they seem to be translations† (45). The inaccuracy implied by the word â€Å"false† and the reconstruction connoted by â€Å"translations† suggests that the explorers who created the maps conceived them in bits and pieces, never quite grasping a clear and unbiased image of Ceylon due to their own subjective point of view. Even the title of the chapter itself, â€Å"Tabula Asiae† (45), serves to reinforce the idea thatShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Michael Ondaatje s Running Of The Family Essay927 Words   |  4 Pagesphysically in a classroom, instead could be found wandering about aimlessly. I could never understand why they were all heralded as paragons in their field. They were never there. We once spent 3 days discussing the purpose of trees in Michael Ondaatje’s Running in the Family. From a student perspective there seemed to be very little organized planning, and most of it was student directed. Through, from a pre-service teacher perspective, I understand the absence of planning was probably due to us beingRead MoreSummary Of The Family Notebook 2051 Words   |  9 Pages9/14/2016 2B Running in The Family Notebook Assignment Section 1 – Chapter Summaries Prologue: Drought Since December – shows the author getting used to the climate of Ceylon because of how much it differs from where he came from. †¢ Intense heat †¢ Reminiscing of when he used to be in Ceylon Asian Rumors: Michael longs for a return to Asia. This section expresses his feelings for Ceylon and how important the place is to him. Asia – analyzes and dreams about Asia during Michael Ondaatje’s farewell party

The Famine, Affluence And Morality By Peter Singer

In the â€Å"Famine, Affluence and Morality† Peter Singer argued that individuals are morally obligated to grant most of their belongings to famines. He puts his argument as following. â€Å"suffering and death from lack of food, shelter, and medical care are bad. If it is in our power to prevent something bad from happening, without derby sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance, we ought, morally, to do it.† (Singer,454) John Arthur’s objection to this theory is that Singer’s second premise which he calls â€Å"greater moral evil principle† is not the whole picture and does not consider entitlement of individuals. He explains that Singer’s claim that great moral evil principle â€Å"explains our felling or that it appears uncontroversial† (singer, 454) is not sufficient since moral equality is also important. Arthur’s criticism of Singer’s view is established in his concept of a social moral code, which is â€Å"a system of principles, rules and other standards designed to guide people’s conduct.† (Arthur 501) Arthur explains that our social moral code approves both great moral evil principle and entitlement or right, which is consists of negative and positive right. Many has argued that Arthur’s formulation of positive right concept does not seems to be right. One point here is that the distinction between positive and negative right is not as distinct as Arthur’s assumption. Or there are rights that cannot be easily assigned to negative or positive right. Consider the newborn babies’Show MoreRelatedFamine, Affluence and Morality by Peter Singers929 Words   |  4 Pages In this essay I will be arguing why a utilitarian could possibly disagree with Peter Singers Argument presented in â€Å"Famine, Affluence and Morality.† After reading such an interesting paper I must say as much as I disagreed with Singers viewpoints I almost found it difficult to object them with support. From a utilitarian point of view we are to maximize Happiness by reducing suffering. How can Giving possible make someone unhappy? But as I was thinking a saying came across my mind, â€Å"Two steps forwardRead MoreFamine, Affluence and Morality by Peter Singer1486 Words   |  6 PagesIn his own essay â€Å"Famine, Affluence and Morality†, Peter Singer puts forth some compelling arguments for affluent people to give what they have in excess, to the suffering people of the world. Before any criticism is made, here is the argument: - There are people suffering and dying from lack of food, shelter and medical care. - People suffering and dying from lack of food, shelter and medical care is bad. - If you have the power to prevent something bad from happening without sacrificing †¨anythingRead MoreFamine, Affluence, and Morality by Peter Singer1107 Words   |  5 Pages Famine, Affluence, and Morality by Peter Singer The Elements of Reason #8 1. Use two or three sentences to state the main purpose or argument in this article. In other words, what is the argument the author is making? (This should be a specific argument. We all know that the authors are writing about morality and ethics.) The main purpose or argument in this article is that Peter Singer believes that richer nations should give assistanceRead MoreIn Famine, Affluence, And Morality, Peter Singer Argues1553 Words   |  7 PagesIn Famine, Affluence, and Morality, Peter Singer argues for the utilitarian system of ethics. To thoroughly understand this system, one must first accept the notion that the individual has a moral obligation to prevent something bad from happening if it is in their power to do so. For Singer, there is no inherently good moral compass one must strictly abide by. Actions that are considered good or bad differ based on the situation in question. Contrarily, Immanuel Kant asserts that there is intrinsicRead MoreThe Problem of Poverty in Famine, Affluence, and Morality by Peter Singer1112 Words   |  5 Pages Peter Singer is often regarded as one of the most productive and influential philosophers of modern times. He is well-known for his discussions of the acute social, economic, and political issues, including poverty and famines. In his â€Å"Famine, Affluence, and Morality†, Singer (1972) discusses the problem of poverty and hunger, as well as the way this problem is treated in the developed world. Singer believes that charity is inseparable from morality, and no distinction can be drawn between charityRead MorePeter Singer: Famine, Affluence, and Morality Essay1399 Words   |  6 Pagesone person is worth more than another (Lillehammer, 2011, p. 90). As we read in â€Å"Famine, Affluence and Morality,† Singer asserts that suffering from lack of food, shelter and medical care are bad. If we accept this assumption, and if we can, by our actions, prevent this bad from occurring, we are morally obligated to do so unless in so doing we sacrifice something that is of â€Å"comparable moral importance† (Singer, 1972, p. 500). Not all consequentialists agree with giving to Singer’s suggested â€Å"levelRead MoreAnalysis Of Peter Singer s Argument On Famine, Affluence, And Morality Essay1729 Words   |  7 PagesI’m a strong believer in that anyone can make their own choices in life. There is no such thing as â€Å"moral obligation† in my books, however there does exist â€Å"courtesy† or â€Å"kind-heartedness.† Peter Singer’s argument regarding famine, affluence, and morality is, in my opinion, strongly influenced by sympathetic and empathetic feelings based on observations in a still developing country. In a sense, his reasoning is subjective and biased because he seems to focus only on the problem, and not the circumstancesRead MoreI.Introduction. Famine Is A Highly Prevalent And Debated1106 Words   |  5 PagesI. Introduction Famine is a highly prevalent and debated topic. Written in November 1971, Peter Singer’s â€Å"Famine, Affluence, and Morality† addresses famine as a moral issue. Peter Singer, as a Professor of Bioethics at Princeton University, focuses on ethics and moral values, and with his text, I will analyze this moral dilemma and show that the reasonable and well-thought Peter Singer’s argument is successful. II. Peter Singer’s Argument Peter Singer begins by laying out two basic premises: 1.Read MoreFamine, Affluence and Morality1663 Words   |  7 PagesSinger’s Famine, Affluence, and Morality Ametra Heard PHI208 Ethics and Moral Reasoning Instructor Zummuna Davis January 14, 2013 Singer’s Famine, Affluence, and Morality In the Peter Singer’s article â€Å"Famine, Affluence, and Morality†, he discusses the way that people should take moral in their help toward the support of the Bengal famine crisis. Singer states three obligations that would help the Bengal region through the means of a wealthy person, and those individuals living life on a dayRead Moresociety poverty has various definitions that lack the true picture that poverty depicts. Dictionary500 Words   |  2 Pagesreflected in Peter Singer’s â€Å"Famine, Affluence and Morality† essay and the opposing essay written by John Arthur in â€Å"World hunger and moral obligation: the case against Singer.† Peter Singer raises the question of poverty and our obligations toward it in his essay â€Å"Famine, Affluence, and Morality†. In the essay, Singer addresses the question of what obligations we have toward those around the globe who are suffering from lack of food, shelter or basic needs. Singer uses the terms ‘relieving famine,’ but

Study of the key Mergers Acquisitions of Banco Santande (2002-2010) Free Essays

string(76) " it attracts the bidding company to have acquisition of the target company\." ABSTRACT Mergers and acquisitions (MA) play a vital role in the corporate finance world. For many companies, M A is source of external growth when company organic growth has already reached at peak. Globalisation of the world economy allows company expanding their operations and also competes against the domestic players through mergers and acquisitions. We will write a custom essay sample on Study of the key Mergers Acquisitions of Banco Santande (2002-2010) or any similar topic only for you Order Now This study highlights the success story of acquisition of UK bank â€Å"Abbey National† by Spanish Bank – â€Å"Banco Santander† in November 2004.This acquisition profoundly transformed the Group Santander’s business profile, provided the growth opportunity in most profitable attractive market, diversified the risk and substantially increased the market capitalisation. This study examines the Santander strategic development post acquisition, impact on their financial performance also their long term performance in stock market. This cross – border M A has been very beneficial for the Santander. Santander continues to focus on delivering value for shareholders through organic growth and acquisitions. Analysis of the topic has been demonstrated by several examples. The data and the information source are publisher’s websites, literatures, news, and, various articles. 1. 0 INTRODUCTION Privatisation and deregulation have brought substantial changes in the financial markets since the 1970s. In 1980 deregulation was encouraged in the EU which brought major structural change. Introduction of the single currency in Europe was example of further deregulation, which encouraged countries to open their markets to foreign competition. Abbey National had gone through a big transformation in the last century from a building society, to successful bank and finally to a â€Å"bid† on the market. Abbey National was a well-established domestic name in the UK. It has been a successful business in the past. Abbey National proceeded to expand through mergers and acquisition in order to maintain its market position, however, diversification of its core businesses and a lack of focus resulted in large losses for the group from year 2001 had total loss of ?984million in 2003. In 2001 the Lloyds TSB placed offer to takeover, which was likely to result in a large market share ownership within the UK by one bank. This was overturned by Competition Commission and the Office of Fair Trading as it was against the public interest. Santander realised Abbey National as a safe investment compared to its Latin American banks that have been losing money for the last two years. Moreover, this acquisition for Santander was a new interest in retail banking, which was Abbey National’s strength. Abbey National plc and Banco Santander Central Hispano, SA reached an agreement on the terms of a recommended acquisition by Banco Santander of Abbey on 26 July 2004, which was formally approved by the courts and Abbey became part of Grupo Santander on 12 November 2004. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW Mergers and acquisitions are source of external growth when organic growth is not possible. For smaller companies there is constant threat to their continued independent existence by the big player/competitor. The terms Mergers takeover are synonymously used although there is narrow distinction between the two. Merger is reorganisation of assets into a new organisation having agreement of both their shareholders. Merger involves company of similar size which reduces the dominance of each other. A take over is acquisition of the ordinary shareholders capital by another company. This may be financed by cash payment, an issue of securities or a combination of both. In acquisition bidding company is larger and dominant than the target company. Broadly takeovers can be classified into following three categories – â€Å"Horizontal takeover† – Company operating in the same industry and similar stage of production â€Å"Vertical takeover† – Operating at different stages production within the same industry. Vertical takeover may be a move forward in the production process to secure distribution outlet, or a move backward in the production process to secure the raw material supply. â€Å"Conglomerate takeover†- Combining two companies operating in different area of business. When there is international dimension involve it is called cross border acquisition. Justification for acquisitions – â€Å"Economic† â€Å"Synergy† – â€Å"When assets and /or operations of two companies complement each other, so that sum of their combined output is more than individual some†. â€Å"Economies of scale† – â€Å"Similar to above as the scale of operation is larger and better efficiencies/ output are experienced1.† â€Å"Elimination of inefficient management† – â€Å"Acquisition helps replacing inefficient manager by efficient managers leading to deliver better performance and output1.† â€Å"Entry to new markets† – â€Å"Entry to new geographical and business area right from scratch may not be an economical option so acquisition is chosen as efficient route to expansion.† â€Å"To provide critical mass† – â€Å"Smaller companies experience lack of credibility because of their small size. Because of the increasing importance of R D and brand investment, merging company’s pool resources to establish critical mass required to provide cash flows to finance such requirements1.† â€Å"Means of providing growth† – When company finds organic growth difficult then this strategy will be a quick solution for providing growth. â€Å"Market Power share† – Horizontal acquisitions increases market share and earn monopoly profits, whereas vertical acquisition increase company power in raw material or distribution. 2. â€Å"Financial â€Å" â€Å"Financial synergy† – If the cost of capital decreases as a direct result of acquisition. In conglomerate takeover because of lack of correlation between the cash flows of different companies reduces the volatility of cash flow. These results in reduced business risk and cost of capital may decreases. â€Å"Target undervaluation† – â€Å"Target company’s shares are undervalued where capital markets are not efficient as a result company may be a bargain buys†. â€Å"Tax consideration† – Tax exhausted company will be benefited with the acquisition of non tax exhausted company so that tax allowable benefits can be brought forward which may offset capital allowance interest. â€Å"Increasing earning per share† – â€Å"Earning per share increases if the bidding company has a higher price/earning ratio than its target company†. 3. â€Å"Managerial Motives† – This may also arise if managers are more concerned satisfying their own objective rather than with increasing the wealth of shareholders. Sometimes motives behind such acquisitions are to increase managers pay power. Factors influencing takeovers trends are as follows – (i)â€Å"Booming Stock exchange† – With the increase in share prices it attracts the bidding company to have acquisition of the target company. You read "Study of the key Mergers Acquisitions of Banco Santande (2002-2010)" in category "Essay examples" (ii) Increase in company’s real liquidity and profitability encourages takeover. (iii) Deregulation external source of finance (debt) more easily available in the market. 3.0 RECENT HISTORY – 3.1 Origins Growth The Abbey National Building Society was formed following the merger of two long standing building societies in 1944. During the period of 1970 and 1980 it gained reputation for innovation changes. In 1988, Abbey National plc was incorporated as a bank and in 1989 the Society transferred business to Abbey National plc. September 11th attack in New York Enron turned out in 2001 damaged confidence in various financial areas. From this point, Abbey struggled from financial losses and a tarnished image. In 2003, the brand name was shortened to Abbey. There was major reorganization of the bank in September 2003. In 2004 it became a wholly owned subsidiary of Grupo Santander of Spain After two successive years of losses Abbey returned to profit in 2004 even though there was big cost of reorganization post acquisition charges (?564 million). Abbey was renamed Santander UK in January 2010. Table 1 – Grupo Santander’s Performance comparison in Year 2004 2005 Source – Santander Annual Report 2005 http://www.santandershareholder.com/financial-information/reports-and-publications/ Table 2- Abbey Full Year Results for the Year 2004 2005- Source – Abbey 2005 Full Year Results – http://www.aboutsantander.co.uk/investors/financial-results-and-presentations/2005.aspx 3.2 Main economic and legal environments in main market – There has been a good economic environment for business growth till 2007. Market was hit by deep recession in 2008 which continued till 2009. Year 2010 saw the recovery. Table 3 – Main Economic highlights 3.3 Strategic developments (2002-2010) Santander Consumer continued to develop its two-pronged growth strategy – organic and selective acquisitions – with excellent results. Banco Santander has expanded its operations aggressively with several acquisitions in the last decade. Santander strategy is to follow the business model of proven success in European and Latin American countries, and was applied in Abbey. The pillars of this model are – Focus on retail banking Diversification, efficiency Prudence in risks Balance sheet strength Flexible style of management, which enables them take advantage of business opportunities Adapt easily to the countries where they operate and to the changes and new challenges. 3.4 Business Opportunities On 26 July 2004 â€Å"Banco Santander Central Hispano† announced the acquisition of â€Å"Abbey National plc†, the acquisition was formally approved by the courts on 12 November 2004. In June 2006, â€Å"Banco Santander Central Hispano† purchased almost 20% of Sovereign Bank. In May 2007 consortium â€Å"Banco Santander Central Hispano†, â€Å"Royal Bank of Scotland† and â€Å"Fortis† made an offer to takeover â€Å"ABN AMRO†. In October 2007 acquired â€Å"ABN AMRO†. As part of the deal, â€Å"Grupo Santander† acquired â€Å"ABN AMRO’s† subsidiary in Brazil and its subsidiary in Italy. On 13 August 2007, â€Å"Banco Santander Central Hispano† changed its legal name to â€Å"Banco Santander†. In November 2007, it sold Banca Antonveneta to Monte dei Paschi di Siena. In March 2008, Banco Santander sold Interbanca, a subsidiary of Banca Antonveneta, to GE Commercial Finance In July 2008 it intended to takeover the UK bank Alliance Leicester, the acquisition was completed in October 2008.This was followed by the acquisition of the savings business of UK bank Bradford Bingley (BB) in September 2008. The banks, along with Abbey, are to be merged together under the Santander name in the UK by the end of 2010 These acquisitions saw Santander managing diversified portfolio which reduced the risk and also provided a profitable growth to emerge as the largest financial in the world. Santander’s continues to focus on the attraction, engagement, development, progression and retention of its senior leaders. 3.5 Long term performance in stock market – Table 4- Stock market Key Performance for Santander 2002- 2010 The above table shows Santander Group robust performance in the last decade. Share prices had doubled prior to the 2008 when there was worldwide recession and stock prices tumbled down. Company has shown a great resilient performance and recovered slowly to a steady growth position. Figure 1 – Share Prices of Banco Santander Figure 2 – Market Capitalisation of Banco Santander 4.0 Empirical Supports Table 5 – Key Ratios Performance of Banco Santander 4.5.1 Liquidity ratio Liquidity ratio shows company’s ability to repay short-term creditors out of its total cash. The liquidity ratio is the result of dividing the total cash by short-term borrowings. Current ratio = Current Assets/Current liabilities Figure 3 – Current Ratio of Banco Santander 4.5.2 Profitability ratio These ratios express the company ability to generate earnings as compared to its expense. Various measures used in this analysis are Return on equity (ROE), return on capital employed (ROCE), and return on asset (ROA) . 4.5.2.1 Return on equity Return on equity (ROE) – This measures rate of return on the ownership interest. It’s efficiency of generating profits from every units of shareholders equity. This is expressed as following formula – ROE = Net profit after taxes/Average shareholders’ equity Figure 4 – ROE of Banco Santander 4.5.2.2 Return on capital employed This measure earning with capital invested in the company. This is expressed as ratio of earning before interest taxes to the capital employed. Capital employed is represented as total asset less current liabilities or fixed asset plus working capital. ROCE = Net profit after taxes/Capital Employed Figure 5 – ROCE of Banco Santander 4.5.2.3 Return on Assets This measures the profitability of company’s assets in generating revenue. This is ratio of Net Income to mode of total asset. ROA = Net profit after taxes / Total Assets Figure 6 – ROA of Banco Santander 4.5.2.4 Cost-Income ratio This is measure of efficiency. This measure change of cost compare to income. It directly affects the profit margin. As the efficiency decreases means cost decreases or income increase or increase in cost is less compared to income. This results in improved margin. Figure 7 – Efficiency of Banco Santander 4.5.3 Investment valuation ratios Investment ratio is measure of returns in future. This is an anticipated value/Forecast on the investment. 4.5.3.1 Dividend payout ratio (DPR) This ratio measures the percentage of earnings (net income) per common share allocated to paying cash dividends to shareholders. Dividend payout ratio is indicates the earnings of dividend by every share against the earning per share. DPR= Dividends per common share/Earnings per share. Figure 8 – DPR of Banco Santander- 4.5.3.1 Earnings per share (EPS) This express part of a company’s profit allocated to each outstanding ordinary share. Earning Per Share is a measure/tool used by investors to asses profitability based on the number of shares they hold/own. EPS = (Net Income – Dividends on preferred stocks)/Average outstanding ordinary shares Figure 9 – EPS of Banco Santander Conclusion In this study the research has been carried out on the M A in general and role of M A on the financial performance of Banco Santander in particular. Deregulation of having single currency Europe wide globalisation opened the market for foreign companies to expand their operation compete against domestic players. This acquisition is a case of cross- border where Santander got opportunity of acquiring diversified portfolio which reduced risk in their business. Ratios such as Liquidity, Profitability, Investors, Gearing Returns have been considered pre post acquisition for analysis in order to understand the financial performance of the bank in the last decade. Santander continued to grow organically and also followed very aggressive cross border acquisitions as a strategy. Santander has shown a very robust performance post acquisition. In 2005 after acquisition of Abbey Santander profits soar group shown 35% rise in profit during the first six months. Overall rise was 44% in the year. Santander continued acquisitions and business growth has been significant year on year basis. Santander performance has been resilient during recession and shown great recovery in 2010. Assets, Market Capitalisation, Profits, Earning Per Share has shown significant growth in the last ten year. High profitability led Santander to pay high dividend to share holders. Santander continues to focus on shareholder values and paid big returns to share holderâ€⠄¢s money. Santander emerged as world’s biggest financial group in a decade. References Watson, D. Head, A (2010) Corporate Finance: Principles Practices, Abbey National (2004) â€Å"History† According to http://www.aboutabbey.com Abbey National (2004) â€Å"Annual Report† According to www.abbeynational.co.uk BBC News (2001) â€Å"A battle for Abbey National† According to http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/1170339.stm BBC News (2003) â€Å"Abbey National slumps into losses† According to http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2799905.stm Forbes (2004) â€Å"Abbey National Shareholders OK Takeover† According to www.forbes.com Taylor. G (2003) â€Å"UK Building Society demutualization motives† Business Ethics, Volume 12 Issue 4 Page 394 Webster. J (2001) â€Å"Final Thematic Report – Retail Financial Services† According to www.tcd.ie/erc/Servemploi/reportspdf/FinalThRep/sevthrefiancial.PDF 5th Edition, Harlow: Prentice Hall http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_National http://www.aboutsantander.co.uk/ â€Å"www.google.co.uk† http://www.aboutsantander.co.uk/investors/financial-results-and- presentations/2005.aspx http://www.santandershareholder.com/financial-information/reports-and-publications/ How to cite Study of the key Mergers Acquisitions of Banco Santande (2002-2010), Essay examples

Manhattan Thirties Flash Essay Example For Students

Manhattan Thirties Flash Essay The poem Manhattan Thirties Flash is exactly what the title states. It is a quick description of Manhattan in the 1930s. The author, Allen Ginsberg (1926-1997) was a well-known firebrand, Ginsberg was a leader of the â€Å"beat movement† of the 1950’s and of the cultural and political protests of the 1960’s. He often writes about spiritual survival in a dehumanized, repressive society. You can see the dehumanization throughout the poem for example in line one when Ginsberg writes, repetitive machine Crash cookie-cutting. When he says, repetitive, this lets you know that the same thing is being done over and over again, like it is a program. Cookie-cutting, says that there is a template and it is being mass produced. Line two and three state, dynamo rows of soulless replica Similitudes brooding tank-like in Army Depots. The mention of the tank-like Army Depots means that what he sees is just an area filled with orderly components. Then again in line four, exactly the same exactly the same exactly the same with no .. Not only is Ginsberg directly telling you that there is no variation, but by him repeating, exactly the same, he further pushes his views. In line six, overwhelming force of robot obsession, our slaves are not alive, by him saying robot obsession he means that people are being forced into this dehumanized environment, and that we are just slaves of society. Once again in line nine, crowds of executive secretaries alighting from subway 8:30 A.M., one could clearly see that by stating this, Ginsberg wants you to see how we are part of a system, a repetitive system. He leads you to believe that these secretaries exit the subways every day at the same time, although he never states that. When examining the punctuation, you notice in lines one through three that there are several words unusually capitalized. The words are Crash, Similitudes, and Army Depots. They signify a central theme that these comparisons of society are perfectly arranged. The comparisons are of society and how it is ultimately a machine. In lines ten and eleven, bloodflow in cells thru elevator arteries stairway glands to typewriter consciousness, Ginsberg uses the text to resemble an analogy. Bloodflow in cells is to elevator arteries as stairway glands is to typewriter consciousness. Finally, he mentions the Con Ed skyscraper in line twelve. This random insertion of a companys name means that we are a slave to the systematic society. A society controlled by businesses but run by men.

Group Paradoxes Essays - Baseball, Baseball, School Teachers

Group Paradoxes One of the generalities about people involved with and within the game of baseball is that they criticize the game, themselves, and their techniques. One of the biggest critics of the game is the players themselves. The players say that they are in a slump when they go 0 for 20. They say things like, ?I'm stinking it up,? and just keep continuing in a self-flagellation filled with expletives. Yet they forget to realize that the season is 162 games long and what is a measly 0 for 20 going to do to them. They forget to realize that if you fail 70 percent of the time you make it into the hall of fame. Then when they go on a streak and go 11 for 20 they contradict themselves by saying they are not getting paid enough. This is all part of the game going 0 for 20 one week and go 11 for 20 another. It is supposed to happen. Getting paid more leads me to another issue that was involved with baseball. The strike that just happened a few years back. Players wanted more money, not realizing what it could do to the America's Pastime and to them. This allowed analyst to criticize the game and say that it was fading out. Now they contradict themselves by saying America's pastime will never die because of the records that have been broken just this year. In no doubt the homerun record being broke added a jolt to baseball, but that is not the point, people need to cherish America's pastime for what it has done to our country. However, there are critics within the teaching of baseball. Old school teachers criticize new teachers and new teachers criticize old school teachers. The old school teachers teach players to throw their hands at the ball and new teachers teach players to throw the barrel at the ball. Coaches are stubborn and self-centered, they think there is the only way. However, there is not two players who have the same swing. They contradict themselves by saying that you should combined the old school swing with the new style and take it from there. However they fail to realize that they shouldn't be changing the players swings, but should be using their knowledge to refine players swings. People with and within in the game shouldn't try to criticize by finding flaws. They should try to promote the game and not let the game get a bad rap. The game is a game of failure, so they shouldn't try to criticize themselves, the game, and its teachings. They should realize that it is America's pastime and it has done a lot for them and for the country.

multi essay Essays - Articles, Health, Dental Hygienist, Dentistry

multi essay Essays - Articles, Health, Dental Hygienist, Dentistry Most have to go through life's struggles of discovering what type of person they are and then eventually who they want to be. For me, this process took minimal searching because I've always known myself to be conscientious of others, caring, well grounded, and passionate about whatever I have my intentions set on. After countless conversations with my dental hygienist, my interest in becoming a hygienist came as a result of who I am and who I wanted to be. While studying for my undergraduate degree in 2010, I had an amazing opportunity volunteering with the Piedmont Regional Missions of Mercy Project. This experience allowed me to help dental patients without healthcare. This allowed me to gain insight to understand the importance of providing patient care and promote good health. My life goal won't be accomplished until I can help as many individuals through my work as possible. This degree will not only aid in my achievement, but will give me the tools to have the best career. At around the age of 4, I realized the start of my interest in dentistry. Whenever asked what I wanted to do when I grew up, speaking the thought out loud made it clear. The answer is still the same and being apart of the dentistry field will become a lifetime goal accomplished. The inception of my interest started with childhood visits to the dentist. At first, the instruments and how everything worked fascinated me. As time went on, my fascination turned into a pursuit of knowledge where I wanted to gain an understanding as to how this profession can benefit a person's health. Most have to go through life's struggles of discovering what type of person they are and then eventually who they want to be. For me, this process took minimal searching because I've always known myself to be conscientious of others, caring, well grounded, and passionate about whatever I have my intentions set on. After countless conversations with my dental hygienist, my interest in becoming a hygienist came as a result of who I am and who I wanted to be. While studying for my undergraduate degree in 2010, I had an amazing opportunity volunteering with the Piedmont Regional Missions of Mercy Project (MOM). This experience allowed me to help dental patients without healthcare or insurance. The MOM project gave me my first hands on encounter into the healthcare field. This exposure allowed me to see the need for help in this field. As I got older and was able to explore the different fields in dentistry, I knew dental hygiene would be my primary choice. It is the field of dentistry that best compliments the attributes of me as a person which gives me an opportunity to help people better themselves with the passion and knowledge I possess. With that and the implementation of my skill set, I would have the opportunity to make it a career. After having the pleasure of working under the exceptional Dr. Garland Davis, it is without a doubt that dental hygiene has become a passion of mine. Whi le being employed for him, I was able to observe, understand, and assist with the tasks that the hygienists and Dr. Davis performed. This allowed me to gain insight to understand the importance of providing patient care and promote good health. Learning, understanding, and completing task that involved the day-to-day operations of the profession provided hands on comprehension and application. This experience was very beneficial and crucial in aiding my learning process with the field. My congruent work experience from past programs has informed me tremendously in the multi faceted nature of health care business. These experiences in various fields helped me gain a better perspective into the dyer need for healthcare professionals. My life goal won't be accomplished until I can help as many individuals through my work as possible. Knowing my career path has allowed me to reach a state of self-actualization that motivates me to keep pushing. This degree will not only aid in my achiev ement, but will give me the tools to become the best of the best. Howard University cost of attendance estimated total is $36,157.00. I was awarded $12,500.00 for this academic

Anthopology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Anthopology - Essay Example According to the researches of Chavez, Pedraza and Rimbaut; there are clear distinctions between a migrant and a settler. Migrants could be regarded as people that temporary residents of an area; thus migrants are people that leave their permanent place of residence and live in other areas temporarily in search of greener pastures. On the other hand, settlers are people that have the privileges of a citizen of a particular country or region after living there for a particular number of years. Thus, Chavez believes that undocumented immigrants are people that start out as illegal immigrants and they could actually attain the status of a settler after staying there for a particular number of years. The notion about undocumented immigrants is what actually affects the way that undocumented immigrants carry out their duties as workers in the United States of America. These undocumented immigrants do not see themselves as permanent residents, but as temporary workers that have a short sti nt in the United States of America. The undocumented workers are faced with the challenge that they would have to go back to their native countries someday (Chavez, 1998). ... The three phases are separation, transition and incorporation. The separation phase is the stage that the undocumented immigrants are separated from their friends and families and this represents an emotional period in the lives of the undocumented immigrants. The transition phase is the stage that the undocumented immigrants are presented with the opportunity of moving to a higher level in their lives as they try to become a member of a society that is actually alien to them. The incorporation phase is the stage that the undocumented immigrants try to in integrate themselves into their new home and society and they identify with the values and norms of this society during the incorporation phase. And this is just like the rite of passage as it takes place when someone makes a reasonable progress by changing from one status to another (Chavez, 1998). Chavez carried out his fieldwork by conducting interviews among undocumented immigrants living in different places. He organized struct ured interviews and informal interviews for these undocumented immigrants. The difficulties he faced in the course of his field work are that most of the interviews were usually time-consuming (Chavez, 1998). Chavez chose to refer to them as undocumented immigrants due to the fact that he felt that was the most polite and neutral term to use to classify these groups of individuals as other terms that were used were too harsh on these people. Chavez characterizes the social diversity of northern San Diego based in the different backgrounds of the people that reside there. He also characterizes them by the number of years they have stayed in the United States and the factors that affect the way they live. The undocumented immigrants fit into the larger society in areas that

Applying E-Business Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Applying E-Business Strategies - Essay Example In spite of having the right to comment about the cafà ©s activities, the customer’s viewpoints reveal ignorance of children’s right towards recreational activities such as storytelling sessions. An open web forum is prone to abusive comments, non-relevant posts, and inciting others regarding an issue concerning either the cafà © or other firms. Consequently, encouraging an open line communication and maintaining an open web forum necessities to the cafà © to ask the customers to agree with the terms of web forum prior to posting their comments. Deleting offensive comments and integrating a word filter into the web forum will further encourage an open line of communication and still maintain an open web forum. The best type of business that fits Broadway cafà © is the advertising e-business that will be executed through a number of strategies including the use social blogs (Canzer 97). A website is one of the way that the cafà © will receive feedback on their services, which facilitate the improvement of services towards customer satisfaction through an effective customer service. Once customers are satisfied, the cafà © will increase sales as they keep on coming back for more increasing the cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s revenue. The social platforms form one of the major marketing strategies that the cafà © can use to showcase its products and services and conduct promotions. Posting and sharing of pictures will help in the improving the cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s brand providing a direct access forum for the customers to review the services prior to their visit, which further attract more customers; hence, increasing Broadway cafà © revenue. Broadway cafà © can further introduce a cashless payment to deal with the cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s finance where the customer is able to pay using an online payment method, which most people find appropriate compared to walking around with cash. Additionally, the cafà © can

Samuel Clarkes Cosmological Argument

Samuel Clarkes Cosmological Argument In this essay I will show that while Clarke makes a strong claim that our experience establishes the existence of chains of dependent beings, and that the chain must be (a) caused by an aprioi cause or be an aspect of an infinite continuation of contingent beings which begins with a necessary/independent being; the argument does not justify the possibility of an independent, contingent deity that caused the universe. This conclusion will be supported by a string of critiques and a discussion of the arguments objections. The Argument Philosopher Samuel Clarke put forth a modern formulation of the cosmological argument taking a slightly different path than Aquinass famous cosmological argument. But like Aquinas, Clarke adopts the premise that all beings that we encounter must have causes. Contrary to Aquinas, Clarke differentiates between contingent and necessary beings. The contrast he draws is such that if a being owes its existence to a cause then it is dependent; otherwise it is independent. Our experience shows us that there are chains of dependent beings, but, as Clarke points out, they must either (1) be caused by a necessary being or (2) be an aspect of an infinite continuation of contingent beings which, as Clarke explains, either begins with a necessary/independent being or is part of an infinite series which exhausts the possible logical origins for any continuation of beings. According to the above argument, if all continuations of contingent beings must be infinite or start with a necessary being, then Clarke, simply, is able to falsify infinte continuations and hence demonstrate the existence of an independant being. He calls the concept of infinite continuations absurd, as he follows another route to argue for a necessary being. Clarke points out that the series, as a whole, of dependent beings requires an explanation. Since every individual entity of the series is contingent, the entire series taken as a single entity is contingent. Suppose, Clarke further explains, we take the set of dependent beings as part of a long series where each entity is depends on some previous entity for existence. Then the whole series contingent. But the series cannot be contingent on something outside the set of contingent beings. Thus, Clarke argues, there must exist an independant being to cause the series. Criticisms and Objections The existence of an entity can be explained in three ways: (1) It may be explained by another being, (2) it might be explained by itself, or (3) it may be explained by nothing. Now, the first two cases are accounted for in Clarkes argument. Part (1) is a dependent being. Part (2) is an independent being. But part (3) is not accounted for in Clarkes argument. This point is not sufficent to prove the soundness of the argument. Because it is possible that every existent entity depends on another in an infinte continuation of contingent beings. If this is true, every member of the series is accounted for and to explain the existence of the series, we must suppose an independent being. This leads to the conclusion that Clarkes argument is only as good as his premise every being requires a cause. Whether we accept that premise or not is a controversial topic. One could say that the premise is doubtful and not obvious at all. Also, one may argue that the premise is just an assumption that people make, this cannot be taken as a truth. This leads to the premise being questionable and then, by extension, so is the argument. If, according to Clarke, there is cause for every existence, then one could object that what is the cause of the independent, contingent deity? Another objection to the argument could be that, necessary existence has no meaning. If there were a necessarily existent being, it could be possible that the universe itself is that necessarily existent, independent, being, removing any need for a contingent deity as cause of the universe. Why is it not possible that the universe exists and always will from an infinite series of expansions, such as the big bang, and contractions? Even if we suppose that there is an independent, contingent, being, the cosmological argument is lacking of all properties that humans attribute to the first cause of any religion. Clarkes argument would be stronger if he ascribed the characteristics of our portrayal of God (all-good, all-knowing, all-powerful, etc) to his independent being. Also, an infinite chain of objects, each caused by the prior object, does not require any explanation; the chain is explained by the conjoined explanation of its parts. Say we observe a continual stream of vehicles on a street and we are capable of explaining why each vehicle in the stream was there. The first vehicle bound towards work; the second vehicles destination is the mall, and so forth. It does not make sense to ask why there is a stream of vehicles on the street at all. Explaining each individual part of the stream suffices to explain the whole stream.2 Conclusion In sum, Clarkes modern formulation of the cosmological argument proves to be as strong as his principal premise all beings must have causes; and the acceptance of such a premise is arguable. The argument fails to stand up against the stream of objections and criticisms. Clarke does not sufficiently justify his claim that a collection of dependent beings is itself independent in his argument. William Rowe tried to strengthen and clarify Clarkes account by explaining the role of principal of sufficient reason in the argument, but concludes that the cosmological argument is only as strong as the principal of sufficient reason. Thus, the status of the argument remains uncertain.

David Beckham

Comm 423 The Value of David Beckham Dik Yi Tse (230052113) Ryan Darmasubrata (230055322) The purpose of this paper is to evaluate one of the most phenomenal transfers in the football world. The transferred of David Beckham from Manchester United to Real Madrid has becoming the talk of not just football fans but the financial expert for the last 2 years. Unlike most transfers, the David Beckham transfer has revolutionized player transfer in the football world. It became the standing point on how football player is not valued according to their skills on the field but rather on their skills outside the field. The paper will evaluate the cause, the reasons and the effect of the transfer based on both technical and financial aspects. In order to evaluate the transfer based on its financial aspect, we will use analytical theory of production and competition between firms. [pic] [pic] Variable cost satisfies the following formula: [pic] [pic] Return function: [pic] C: variable cost S: unit price of the product K: fixed cost ?: rate of diffusion r: discount rate T: duration of the facility With the formulas above, we try to justify the returns of the football clubs under different environment. From the calculations, we can see the change of revenue for the football clubs between fixed costs at different levels of market size. David Beckham David Beckham is an English footballer, widely regarded as the biggest icon in the sport. He currently plays for Real Madrid and he is the captain of England national team. David Beckham is especially noted for the quality of his crossing and the ability to hit free-kicks particularly from long-range and swinging corners. He is also famed for his celebrity lifestyle trappings, media attention and marketing potential. Early on in his career Beckham secured a number of lucrative sponsorship deals including Brylcreem, Adidas, Vodafone (which ended in July 2005) and Diesel. Despite the USA's uneven acceptance of soccer, Beckham's recognition in the USA is strong enough to enable him to appear in print and television advertising for various sponsors, including Gillette razors. He has become more well known in North America since the success of the British film Bend It Like Beckham, about a British Sikh girl who idolizes David Beckham and harbours ambitions of being a football player. David was born on May 2, 1975 in Leytonstone, London to Ted and Sandra Beckham. David's parents were Manchester United supporters and he accompanied then to many of the games. He signed for Manchester United as a trainee in July 1991 and he was instrumental in helping the club win the FA Youth Cup in May 1992, scoring in the second leg of the final against Crystal Palace. His Premier League debut eventually came at home to Leeds United on April 2, 1995. Partially as a result of injuries to key starters, David established himself in the first team during the 1995/96 season. David's match-winning performances during 1996/97 helped United to win another Premiership title and reach the semi-final of the UEFA Champions League. On a personal level, he was voted Young Player of the Year and second in the overall Player of the Year poll. Manchester United's 1997/98 season was one to forget as they finished second to Arsenal in the League, lost to Barnsley in the FA Cup and were knocked out of the Champions League quarter-finals by Monaco. David enjoyed a memorable moment, when he was selected for England's World Cup Finals squad. He’s been a team member ever since. Beckham captained England for the first ime in a friendly match in Italy and retained the armband for the friendly with Spain and the World Cup qualifiers against Albania and Finland, against whom he scored an important goal at Anfield. Beckham made his 85th appearance for England in 2005 and is expected to captain the team at the 2006 World Cup in Germany. If so, he would become only the six th England player to represent his country at three World Cup competitions (although Sol Campbell and Michael Owen are expected to achieve this feat at the same time), and the fourth (after Billy Wright, Bobby Moore and Bryan Robson) to captain the team at more than one World Cup. Beckham is also a reasonable candidate to record 100 appearances for his country. He captained his country for a landmark 50th time in the friendly international against Argentina in November 2005. Beckham is one of only four players to have appeared 100 times in the Champions League. The reasons for transfer Manchester United First reason: David Beckham only had 2 more years contract with Manchester United and under the Bosman rule, every player can sign another contract with another team in the term of 6 months before his contract expired. Because of the clause of the Bosman transfer rule, any club can get David Beckham signature without paying any fee to Manchester United, if David Beckham decide not to sign any new contract within the next one and a half years, Manchester United would lose their biggest asset without getting any returns. Second reason: David Beckham relationship with his manager was in the midst of trouble. David Beckham popularity has divided his concentration between his job on the field and on the runaway. With having conservative method of running a football club, Sir Alex Ferguson, Manager of Manchester United had concern that David Beckham was not performing as best as he should. Hence arguments had arisen in numbers of occasion. Third reason: Pepsi and Adidas played a big role in forcing David Beckham to move to Real Madrid. For Pepsi, it would be more profitable for them to have David Beckham to play in Real Madrid because Real Madrid has three other players that have sponsorship deals with Pepsi. But the biggest influence came from Adidas, which is the main sponsor to David Beckham. Manchester Untied is sponsored by Nike, Adidas biggest competition in the industry and Real Madrid is sponsored by Adidas, so it would be so much better for Adidas to have David Beckham to play in Real Madrid instead of Manchester United. Fourth reason: Manchester United needs more young players in their squad, while the average age of their rosters has reach 30 years old, Manchester United needs to find another potential young player to maintain their reputation, the sale of David Beckham would bring the necessary capital for the investment. Real Madrid Real Madrid is a very successful club with champion’s reputation at their back, their starting lineup is filled with star players, hence their advantage was also their biggest weakness. With many star players in their team, Real Madrid has a high fixed cost in their operation, but most of their star players are not very commercial. Majority of the players are just big names within the industry or in the European market. Real didn’t have any network in the Asian and North American market at the time. With football to be the number one sport in Asia, Real Madrid was missing majority of the action. As a result in 2002/03 season, Real Madrid only spotted themselves the 8th on the list of the richest club in the world. Real Madrid needed to find a player who would pioneer their marketing strategy to the whole world. They are not only looking for someone who can bring sponsors to their stadium, and not just a poster boy for the campaign, but also has the skills to show in the field. This is the ultimate reason why Real Madrid was very determined to get Beckham. The effects of David Beckham to Real Madrid Real Madrid's revenue from club merchandise, such as shirts, jumped 67 per cent in Beckham's first season alone, and climbed another 6. 5 per cent in the year to June. Overall commercial income, which includes money from deals with the likes of Siemens, Adidas and Pepsi, which have all grown in value with the â€Å"Beckham effect†, now stands at around ? 80m a year. Real Madrid also earned ? 48m (26 per cent of turnover) from match-day income (primarily ticket sales), ? 44m (24 per cent) from television, and ? 6m (8 per cent) from promotional activities such as lucrative overseas tours and friendliness, which have also become better earners because of David Beckham. And whereas Real Madrid's annual wage bill (? 98m) now equates to 52 per cent of turnover, and is falling towards an expected ratio of 47 per cent next year. With the financial improvement, Real Madrid is now the richest club in the world, beating Manchester United who wo n the title 8th consecutive years. 2005 Football clubs revenue ranks[1]: 1 Real Madrid (Spain) $330 million Manchester United was No. 1 when it had David Beckham. Now Real Madrid has him and became No. 1. 2 Manchester United (England) $295 million Slips out of the top spot for the first time in the nine-year history of the rankings. 3 AC Milan (Italy) $280 million Nearly 60 percent, or $165 million, of its revenue is from broadcasting – more than anyone else. 4 Juventus (Italy) $274 million Averages only 26,600 fans but moves up from No. 5 last year thanks to a lucrative TV contract. 5 Chelsea (England) $264 million Its otherworldly payroll makes it No. in annual net losses, which reportedly were $244 million. Evaluating the transfer [pic] In determining the justification for the transfer, we use the analytical theory to prove that even though Real Madrid paid a large sum of transfer fee and obligated to pay a high salary to David Beckham, the acquisition would profit Real Madrid more because the larger market size that David Beckham can open for Real Madrid. To make the calculation to be accurate as possible, we had made some assumptions for the numbers used in the calculation. Reader should keep in mind that because Real Madrid is a private organization, it is very hard to find the actual data about their current and past financial statements. Nevertheless, we did our best to present the numbers as it would present the actual case scenario. Fixed cost (K), because we do not have the actual numbers for the fixed operation cost from Real Madrid, we use the assumption that fixed cost would be equal to the salary of the players. We know that there are other things that contribute to the clubs fixed cost but for the sake of the formulation we are ignoring that. The fixed cost increased from $98 million to approximately $117 million because of David Beckham. Discount rate (R), according to our research, the closest number that we found for the discount rate during that time in Spain, was the checking account interest rate, provided by the banks in Spain. Hence we use this number as our discount rate. Term of project (T), David Beckham was 28 years old when Real Madrid bought him from Manchester United, using the assumptions that most football players can play until the age of 34 years old, we use the length of project to be 6 years. Uncertainty rate (sigma), if Real Madrid did not buy David Beckham, they would have an uncertainty rate of 50%, that is they either succeed or not. With David Beckham on their squad, they have bigger uncertainty because they have to add the possibility that will David Beckham can work together with his teammates and produce something positive for the team or will he have some problems in adjusting to the new Spanish strategy. From the marketing strategy, they would also be concern that if David Beckham’s fans would still like him in Real Madrid jersey. The value of product (S), we used the assumption that major football clubs would want to have a success in both the domestic and international competition but as an organization major football clubs also want to bring profit for their business. Because of these factors we concluded that the value of S should be 2 instead of 1. Market size, we use the assumption that Real Madrid previous market size which is the European market to be 100 and the new potential market involving the Asian and North American market would be 145. The 45% increase due to that in North America, football is not that popular, North American people would prefer to watch and buy basketball, American football, baseball or hockey. For the Asian market, the increase of market size would come from people that buy the merchandise, there is a little chance that they would come to the actual game. Analysis & Conclusion From the calculation, it proved that bringing David Beckham to Real Madrid squad was a positive move. The transfer has solved Real Madrid’s problem of having high fixed cost and low returns. David Beckham has managed to open the Asian and North American market for Real Madrid to expand, hence now Real Madrid with high fixed cost on their organization can work and do business more efficiently in larger market size environment. With the emerging of internet and globalization, major sports clubs have tried to improve their business strategy by purchasing international players that can open more potentials market for their business. Another example besides David Beckham is the Chinese International Basketball Player, Yao Ming. Yao Ming was purchased by the Houston Rockets Basketball Club in US. With the help of Yao Ming, NBA (National Basketball Association of America) and Houston Rockets have managed to gain substantial market in the Asia. NBA opened merchandise stores all over Asia and has extradition match between American Basketball Club and the Chinese Basketball Clubs. Their website subscriber, www. NBA. com, has increase significantly during the past 2 years. With major website subscriber coming from the Asian market, it is only for certain that the expansion program will continue with other Asian basketball players coming to the NBA. In baseball, The Seattle Mariners imitated the strategy by purchasing a Japanese National Baseball player, Ichiro. Ichiro is now a market symbol for the major league of baseball, tourist flow from Japan has increased significantly to Seattle. American baseball has gain more popularity because of Ichiro. Ichiro merchandise is one of the top selling merchandise in the league. The main reason for this trend among major sport clubs is the revenue coming from the selling of merchandise and television broadcast license. With the improve technology and internet, fans in other parts of the world can watch their favorite player and club match through website and live television broadcast. The distance and time factors have been eliminated by the technology, hence potential customer is closer in today time. Another factor for the trend is the sponsorship revenue coming from companies that want to put their brand on the team’s jersey. With sponsoring a sport club, major companies can make brand recognition by associating their brand to a specific sport clubs or players. The better the clubs perform, the better publication that the sponsor company will achieve. The last reason is the revenue coming from exhibition games. An exhibition game is when a sport clubs have a friendly match with other sport club from different country. Higher fee has to be paid to attract famous clubs to come to do exhibition match. Today sport industry is not just about winning a game but also about how much money the games will generate for the clubs, the revenue and reputation are the two main factors that influence the livelihood of a sport club. The higher the fixed cost, the more necessary for club to find a player that can open bigger potential market. REFERENCES Chen, J. 2005. The Physical Foundation of Economics: An Analytical Thermodynamic Theory. World Scientific, Singapore. http://www. manutd. com/splashPages/red. sps? itype=5787=17492=1 http://www. realmadrid. com/articulo/rma25156. htm http://news. bbc. co. uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/2965336. stm http://news. bbc. co. uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/2980958. stm http://www. timesonline. co. k/article/0,,2093-1268730_1,00. html http://www. beckhamwatch. com/beckham. html http://www. theage. com. au/articles/2004/10/05/1096941603889. html? from=storylhs http://www. smh. com. au/articles/2004/10/05/1096871855592. html http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/David_Beckham http://knowledge. wharton. upenn. edu/index. cfm? fa=viewfeature=829 http://soccernet. espn. go. com/news/story? id=335692=4716 http://www. davidbeckham. ws/bio. php http://www. int. iol. co. z a/index. php? click_id=4=qw1054905484476S163=6 http://breakingnews. iol. e/sport/iestory. asp? j=534839791980=53483979z57x=534839792669t=soccer http://www. int. iol. co. za/? click_id=4=qw1056027062207B216=6 http://www. hindustantimes. com/news/7242_1246466,00180009. htm http://www. manutd. com/newquadrant/home. sps? itype=9189=1257 http://www. rediff. com/sports/2006/feb/16real. htm ———————– [1] Source: http://www. deloitte. com/dtt/section_node/0%2C1042%2Csid%25253D70402%2C00. html, ? Z ? ? ‘ ’ oeo? O? EAEA â€Å"? †¹? †¡ †¡Ã¢â‚¬ ¡{†¡? †¡Ã¢â‚¬ ¡? †¡? †¡Ã¢â‚¬ ¹wo†¹g? jDeloitte Football Money League 2006.

Does an Item’s History and Origin Make It Inevitably American? Essay

I would say yes and no, as far as fast food I would say yes; during my time in the military I came across a lot of fast food chains. Mainly McDonalds, but what really surprised me was when I went to Singapore; they had Burger King, Subway, and KFC. When I saw KFC, I had to try it just to see if it was like America, and it was. I mean they didn’t have these restaurants near the pier where the ships pull in, they were out in town. Hard Rock Cafà © and Planet Hollywood are other places are other examples of why I say yes. When it comes to music, other countries watch MTV and Hip Hop is really big. I was watching a Hip Hop award show and noticed that they had rappers from other countries rapping in their language, I was amazed. As far as TV shows and movies I would say no; we as Americans are running out of ideas, meaning we are now copying shows from other countries. American Idol and XFactor are two examples of why I say no, both shows were knock offs from Britain shows. When it comes to films I never knew how many movies we (meaning Americans) have taking foreign movies and put a twist on them until I was working at Blockbuster videos. I can name two movies that were copied; â€Å"Let Me In† came out in 2010 is a American romantic horror film which is based on the 2008 Swedish film â€Å"Let the Right One In†. The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo is a 2009 Swedish drama thriller film based on a Swedish novel; in 2011, an American version was in the theaters. I hope my examples justify why I say yes and no.

The Implementation Of Music Therapy Workshop Essay

Resources. Time: Parents will need eight hours of proper training in the implementation of music therapy, such as songs, improvisation, and movement to music. Professional Proctors: Training will be provided alongside proctors in the eight-hour â€Å"implementation of music therapy workshop† to promote competence of the therapy. Money: Participants will be paid a stipend for participating for the duration of the workshop. An estimated financial need is $2,500. An $825 budget will be set aside for the participants’ stipend, and the rest of the financial need is for training aids and music equipment. Expertise: Participants are required to apply the knowledge gained from the workshop to prove their competence of the therapy. Hands on experience are part of the workshop, as well as a survey, a form of feedback, support, and research questions, to rate the workshop. Participants/ Target Audience. 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Sex Trafficking Prostitution, Crime And Exploitation

SEX TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN Sex trafficking is a global problem that involves the exploitation and abuse of girls as well as women. This paper will discuss the problem, with an emphasis on the views expressed by Paola Monzini in her book Sex Traffic: Prostitution, Crime and Exploitation. The paper will look at the causes, consequences and prevalence rates of sex trafficking and will consider the impact of such factors as globalization and women’s poverty in perpetuating the problem or making it worse. The paper will conclude with a discussion of the ways in which a human rights perspective might translate into positive action to eliminate the trafficking of girls and women. Paola Monzini notes that prostitution and sex trafficking are two different things. Prostitution involves the selling of sexual services. 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